A betaine in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group such as an ammonium ion or phosphonium ion (generally: onium ions) which bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group such as a carboxylate group which may not be adjacent to the cationic site. A betaine thus may be a specific type of zwitterion. Historically the term was reserved for trimethylglycine only.

Phosphonium betaines are intermediates in the Wittig reaction.

In biological systems, many betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesised or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines, non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure and membrane integrity, permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration. It is also a methyl donor of increasing significance.

From Wikipedia under the GNU Free Documentation License
Fri Jul 10 14:19:57 2009

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Sun Sep 27 09:46:54 2009

Is ammonium lauryl sulfate safer than sodium lauryl sulfate?
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Asked by Tink - Tue Sep 9 23:00:56 2008 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments

A. sulfates are generally comparable. you should try to avoid them wherever possible. cocamidopropyl betaine is not as bad as sulfates, but is pretty much unnecessary (acts as a foaming agent) - it is an irritant for many, but might not be for you. Since it's hard to find anything without either sulfates, or this, I'd say this would be the safer bet, though you may be lucky enough to find something palm-based and avoid it altogether.
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